Pulsed Electro Magnetic Field Device

EMpulse SOLO - Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Device (Includes ALL Accessories)

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SUPER ANTIOXIDANT TECHNOLOGY
EMPULSE is a lightweight, handheld pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) treatment device that activates and augments the body's natural healing processes. EMpulse assists antioxidants in neutralizing free radicals in the body. EMpulse was developed by Dr. Glen Gordon of EM-Probe Technologies. Suggested minimum application is 30-45 minutes two to three times daily (either gently moved over or held on the desired location, e.g., painful or inflamed area on body).

EMpulse is extremely portable (2-ounce), compact (cellphone-sized), and easy to use. It is available in two models: EMpulse TRILOGY and EMpulse SOLO. EMpulse TRILOGY offers a pulsed electromagnetic field, infrared light, and heat. EMpulse SOLO offers electromagnetic field and infrared light. Empulse SOLO is especially recommended for use with 9-volt battery adaptor operating approx. 20-50 hours per battery. EMpulse TRILOGY operates approx. 4-8 hours per battery. (Both models may be used either with included 120-volt AC tranformer or optional 9-volt battery adaptor accessory.) 30-day money back guarantee.* 1-year manufacturer’s warranty. FDA registered. 100% guraranteed.

CONSIDERATIONS AND APPLICATIONS: Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) therapy offers an ideal solution for individuals desiring healing, pain relief, and increased antioxidant (i.e., free-radical quenching) activity in the body. Numerous studies, including an extensive 4-year NASA study (Click Here), conclude that PEMF technology offers therapeutic benefits for a wide variety of health conditions. EMpulse’s spectrum of use has ranged from conditions involving inflammation or requiring pain relief (e.g., trauma, arthritis, muscle injury, etc.) to those requiring tissue restoration (e.g., nerve repair, fractures, ischemia, spinal cord injury, etc.).


MEET EMPULSE. A VERY UNIQUE “NANOSECOND” HEALING DEVICE.

EMpulse is the only commercially available nanosecond PEMF device. Nanosecond PEMF technology uses extremely rapid nanosecond pulses of electromagnetic energy (EM) to stimulate healing and regeneration, and support your body’s natural antioxidant defenses. At 72 pulses per second, EMpulse’s pulsed, square-wave electromagnetic field energy passes through skin with no sensation at all restoring and healing deep tissues.

A long-term research study conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) found nanosecond PEMF (nPEMF) increased healing rates 2.5–4.0 times faster than slower millisecond technologies. This also contrasts with therapeutic devices using light energy, which at 10 billion pulses per second is trapped in the skin and converted to heat. Nanosecond technology offers the specific frequencies known most effectively to actuate healing in your body.

NASA’s 4-year research study defined speed as the critical pulse factor. NASA concluded that square waves with rapid dB/dt (nanosecond speed) can be used for “growing tissue for transplantation -- restoring tissue after trauma -- and mitigating some neurodegenerative disorders.” NASA found nanosecond technology “capable of stimulating classes of genes associated with cell growth and restoration in a no way marginal manner.”

EMPULSE (PEMF) TECHNOLOGY FOUND HELPFUL FOR:

• ARTHRITIS

• CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

• FRACTURES / OSTEOPOROSIS / OSTEOARTHRITIS

• INFECTED OR OPEN WOUNDS / CUTS AND BRUISES

• INFLAMMATION / SWELLING / PAIN

• LOW BACK AND NECK PAIN

• PREMENSTRUAL PAIN / POSTPARTUM PAIN

• MIGRAINE HEADACHE / TENSION HEADACHE

• MUSCULOSKELETAL / SPINAL CORD INJURY / MUSCLE LOSS

• NERVE INJURY / NEUROPATHY / NERVE REGENERATION

• SCIATICA / NEURITIS

• SKIN ULCERS / WRINKLES

• TRAUMA / SURGERY / SPINAL SURGERY / SPORTS INJURY

• OTHER ACHES, PAINS, AND INJURIES

• AND MANY OTHER CONDITIONS




EMPULSE IS EFFECTIVE FOR RELIEVING PAIN AND STIMULATING DEEP HEALING

As described above, EMPulse’s unique nanosecond technology gives it considerable advantage for healing compared to typical (i.e., millisecond or slower) PEMF devices. Ninety-eight percent (98%) of users state they feel better after using EMpulse. EMpulse’s circuit is FDA certified for relief of joint and muscle pain.


EMPULSE = SUPER ANTIOXIDANT TECHNOLOGY

Scientists have been exlploring the role of free radicals for human health since the 1970s. Nobel Prize Laureate Dr. Linus Pauling emphasized the importance of antioxidants for keeping us healthy, and for speeding recovery from injury, illness, and other trauma (including surgery). Naturally occurring antioxidants were discovered in laboratory animals in 1978, sparking a renewed scientific interest that continues today. Now people routinely take antioxidants to support the body in healing conditions as diverse as arthritis, angina, sciatica, and stroke.

Because antioxidants are so important to quality of life, you may ask, “What are they ‘anti’ to?” The answer evidently is “oxidants,” yet we rarely hear this term used to describe them. Are antioxidants all “good” and oxidants all “bad”? In this context, the answer is yes. But we must understand why these oxidants (also known as “free radicals” or “oxyradicals”) can be so destructive for living tissues.

Oxidants are the first chemicals to appear in aging, illness, and injury cycles. When they go unchecked, they activate other chemicals and greatly accelerate these cycles, sometimes rapidly moving out of control. During these free radical “cascades” great damage occurs in biological systems (i.e., death can occur). A good analogy is the process of oxidation causing steel to rust. Yet in our bodies, oxidation causes aging. During states of stress, illness, and injury, massive quanities of oxidants are created in the body. For example, during physiological stress, the mitochondria generate large quantities of free radicals. Moreover, free radicals must be neutralized before healing can begin. Therefore, the faster free radicals can be neutralized, the better for the health of the body.

SUMMARY OF NASA STUDY ON PEMF TECHNOLOGY

NASA’S RECOMMENDATIONS

BENEFITS:

• REPAIRING TRAUMATIZED TISSUES

• MODERATING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES

• DEVELOPING TISSUES FOR TRANSPLANTATION

NASA’S CONCLUSIONS

PROVIDES:

• ACCELERATED CELL GROWTH

• BETTER ORGANIZED CELL MORPHOLOGY

• GREATER CELL VIABILITY

• UPREGULATION OF GENES RELATED TO CELL RESTORATION AND GROWTH

• UPREGULATION OF GENES RELATED TO COLLAGEN PRODUCTION

• BIOELECTRIC POTENTIATION OF NERVE STIMULATION AND RESTORATION

• HIGH-SPEED SQUARE WAVE INCREASED CELL GROWTH FOUR-TIMES FASTER





THE “BODY ELECTRIC”

Dr. Robert O. Becker’s The Body Electric (1985) came into publication over twenty years ago. HIs groundbreaking work challenged the scientific world by showing that changes in our body depend on electromagnetic (EM) potentials. Dr. Becker’s ideas initially were received with skepticism, yet today we know that every chemical reaction in the human body is an electromagnetic event. Opposite, minute charges “attract” each other to form compounds necessary for life. Oxidants and antioxidants essentially act in similar ways, but they possess properties that allow us to direct that attraction. Here is where pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) can dramatically enhance our body’s antioxidant capacity.

Oxidants and antioxidants operate “paramagnetically.” That simply means they are capable of being influenced (i.e.,. drawn to and oriented) by electromagnetic (EM) fields (compass effect), including those generated by EMpulse. When oxidants and antioxidants move toward one other, EMpulse guides their reactive surfaces much like a key in a lock, opening the door to rapid neutralization of dangerous oxidants, and thereby stopping oxidative damage in the body. Without EMpulse, the body must rely on chance to neutralize oxidants. EMpulse works in part by lining up the body’s natural antioxidants with free radicals to neutralize them much more rapidly. Stopping free radicals stops inflammation and begins the healing process.

Quenching of free radicals typically occurs randomly in the body. In the case of injury, for example, it may look as follows: oxidants and antioxidants approaching and bumping into each other, and sometimes reacting. But in most instances, the “key” misses, and they just bump and move apart. Colliding with other structures, and still highly destructive, oxidants expand injury, indiscriminately destroying both healthy and damaged tissue. Finally, perhaps hours or days later, all the oxidants are neutralized.

In contrast, EMpulse removes “chance” as a factor. Moreover, speed is essential in quenching free radicals, because healing cannot begin until oxidative damage stops. It has been shown that PEMFs can increase the effectiveness of antioxidants existing in the body up to 100 times (see Stanford study). In sum, electromagnetic pulses accelerate healing by acting as a catalyst to correct the alignment of antioxidants and free radicals, making it easier for the antioxidants to connect with the free radicals -- and thereby quench them.


EMPULSE SUPPORTS YOUR BODY’S NATURAL ANTIOXIDANT RESPONSE

The significance of PEMFs for increased antioxidant activity may best be illustrated by what can happen during a “stunning” event (i.e., “stunning trauma”), in which a person or animal may be on the brink of death due to sudden catastrophic injury or illness. In such as event, massive quantities of free radicals are released. In these situations, there is a critical period (approximately 12 hours) in which the body must call upon a “constitutive” response (i.e., a response based on elements that are already present) in order to deal with massive free radical assault.

During the critical hours of the body’s “constitutive” response to large-scale trauma, PEMFs can help the body's antioxidant systems manage the overwhelming release of free radicals. After these initial 12 hours, the body typically gains enough time to produce additional elements via a “transcriptive response” in which transcription from DNA enables production of building blocks for regeneration and healing. This extreme “stunning” situation serves to illustrate the critical difference that PEMFs can make when the body suddenly must mount an aggressive (i.e., survival) response against massive free radical assault (and the consequent damage due to cascade effects) before there has been enough time to generate the additional antioxidants necessary to counteract the free radicals fully.

Increasingly deeper understanding of the means by which pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy neutralizes oxidants is leading to improved quality of life, injury rehabilitation, and bodily responses to illness. EMpulse holds exceptional promise in conditions from back pain to migraine, improves wound healing, and decreases aging whenever oxidant chemicals are released during stress, illness, inflammation, or injury. Due to the fact the free-radical activity is involved in most, if not all, degenerative conditions, as well the aging process itself, EMpulse’s ability boost antioxidants quenching of free radicals in the body offers great potential for improving health, vitality, longevity, and well-being.



EMPULSE PROVEN SAFE AND EFFECTIVE

There are no side effects reported with therapeutic PEMF use in animals or humans. PEMF technology has been ued internationally for more than a century. PEMF in the US has been approved for fractures since 1979. There are nearly 3,000 PEMF articles found in the National Library of Medicine. EMpulse has been safely and effectively used by many thousands of patients over the years.



VETERINARY APPLICATIONS
Pet parents of large and small pets can help their beloved animals suffering from conditions as diverse as arthritis, postoperative wound healing, and other conditions by using EMpulse to reduce pain and speed up healing. Users and veterinarians alike report excellent results using EMpulse for dogs, cats, horses, and other animals.**

Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy actually began with veterinary applications for horses in the mid-1970s when large animal veterinarians and trainers began treating bowed tendons, and back and hip conditions. This preceded PEMF applications in human medicine by a number of years. At that time EM-Probe clincians were interested in human applications, which fed their interest in then-current PEMF applications for equine healing and therapy.

Clinicians observed horses arriving before treatment unable to bear weight on a leg, yet later running across a 10-acre training area after 4 days of treatment with EMpulse technology. Healing rates of this magnitude had not been observed before by EMpulse clinicians. In addition, wound healing and other beneficial effects following surgery or open lacerations were seen. This study was preceded by a similar publication by a research group at Auburn University.



HIGHLY COST-EFFECTIVE HEALING TECHNOLOGY
EMpulse is extremely cost effective. EM-Probe Technologies analyzes devices costing $4,000 or more, and finds these devices produce a pulse far less bioeffective than EMpulse. EMpulse represents an advanced healing technology that is affordable to persons needing help with pain relief and healing. Why pay more? EMpulse is the most functional and cost-effective nanosecond PEMF solution available today.



USING EMPULSE

Recommendations For Use: Treatments of 30-60 minute intervals one to three times per day are very effective early in a PEMF therapy program. After 3-4 days treatments can be decreased if pain has stopped. If pain persists, consult a health care professional in order to establish the location of the inflammed site more precisely. The two most common difficulties in treatment are: 1) failure to use EMpulse, 2) treatment in the wrong location, especially with shoulders, sciatica, hips, and lower back pain.

Gentle movement of the EMpulse over inflamed or painful areas (with the light facing the skin) is the most certain way to assure proper treatment. When you have isolated the painful area, you can place EMpulse directly on it and leave it in that location. It may be helpful in this regard to secure or attach EMpulse to an area using a velcro or cloth strap, belt, ace bandage, or other means (but by no means overly tighten or constrict the area). EMpulse will penetrate bandages, casts, and heavy clothing.

Many beneficial effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) are cumulative, i.e., the more treatment the better the outcome. Certain conditions appear to achieve a maximum response and therefore more treatment does not always yield better results. Each condition is unique and the “best treatment” is ideally determined on an individual or case-by-case basis.

(Caution: Not to be used in pregnancy, for infants, or with implanted electronic devices. Do not use in water, moist environments (e.g., saunas) or when sweating, especially at night.)


Stops pain and inflammation and promotes healing and wellness.


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Swelling
Cuts
Neuropathy
Sciatica
Tendonitis
Trauma
Backache
Fracture
Sports injuries
Neck Pain
Migraine
More!



EMpulse technology is safe and has never had a reported side effect.
EMpulse weighs just two ounces and can be used almost anywhere: at home, in your car, or battery powered on-the-go.
EMpulse is vastly superior to “static magnets” or “light” and is available at a very competitive price.
Dr. Glen A. Gordon, MD, is the inventor of EMpulse. He is an international Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation expert who has devoted more than 20 years of research and development into discovering PEMF technology. Dr. Gordon was the first to propose that nanosecond speed was critical for therapeutic PEMF applications. This has now been proven by NASA in the largest study ever done on PEMF. Why did NASA study PEMF? Because astronauts cannot heal from injuries after leaving the earth’s magnetic field. They must take a magnetic field with them in a medical device. That is how fundamental PEMF technology is to human health.

NASA’s 4-year study defining speed as the critical pulse factor concluded that square waves with rapid nanosecond speed (dB/dt) can be used for “growing tissue for transplantation—restoring tissue after trauma—and mitigating some neurodegenerative disorders.”

NASA also found nanosecond technology “capable of stimulating classes of genes associated with cell growth and restoration in a no way marginal manner.”

EMpulse nanosecond technology operates between 1,000 and 1,000,000 times faster than other PEMF devices on the market, and even those used in published medical studies.

“When we began research on EMpulse we refined the EMF pulse to nanosecond speed, and healing rates increased dramatically. Believe it or not, this advance was ignored for twenty years. Finally, in 2003, NASA scientists found nanosecond pulses like ours 2.5–4.0 times better than other pulses at restoring tissue after trauma. This is due, among other factors, to nanosecond PEMFs marked ability to stimulate growth hormone.” - Dr. Glen Gordon


REFERENCE 1 OF 9)

THE NASA STUDY
“PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR GENETIC EFFECTS OF TIME-VARYING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON HUMAN NEURONAL CELLS” (SEPTEMBER 2003) (NASA/TP-2003-212054)

NASA 4-year collaborative study on the efficacy of electromagnetic fields to stimulate growth and repair in mammalian tissues NASA/TP-2003-212054*
http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-2003-212054.pdf

CHIEF INVESTIGATORS:
Robert Dennis, PhD - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Thomas J. Goodwin, PhD - NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, TX, USA

PURPOSE
This four-year study used human donors to “define the most effective electromagnetic fields for enhancing growth and repair in mammalian tissues.”

The study wanted to utilize “nerve tissue which has been refractory to efforts to stimulate growth or enhance its repair regardless of the energy used.” (All other tissues have demonstrated growth and repair stimulation with appropriate PEMF.)

In addition, the study attempted to define a PEMF technology that would “duplicate mature, three-dimensional morphology between neuronal cells and feeder (glial) cells, which has not been previously accomplished.”

STUDY RESULTS
The PEMF used in the study “caused accelerated growth rate and better organized morphology over controls” and resulted in “greater cell viability” (85% vs. 65%). In the gene discovery array (chip technology that surveyed 10,000 human genes), the investigators found up-regulation of 150 genes associated with growth and cell restoration.

NASA’S RECOMMENDATIONS

“One may use square wave EM fields with rapid rate of change" for:

REPAIRING TRAUMATIZED TISSUES

MODERATING SOME NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES

DEVELOPING TISSUES FOR TRANSPLANTATION
NASA’S CONCLUSIONS:

“The up-regulation of these genes is in no manner marginal (1.7-8.4 logs) with gene sites for collagen production and growth the most actively stimulated.”

“We have clearly demonstrated the bioelectric/biochemical potentiation of nerve stimulation and restoration in humans as a documented reality.”

“The most effective electromagnetic field for repair of trauma was square wave with a rapid rate of change (dB/dt) which saw cell growth increased up to 4.0 times.”

NASA further noted that “slowly varying (millisecond pulse, sine wave) or non varying DC (CW lasers, magnets) had little to no effect.”

*NASA’s study is the first to clarify technologies and efficacy parameters for tissue growth and restoration.


NASA PEMF STUDY ABSTRACT

“The present investigation details the development of model systems for growing two- and three-dimensional human neural progenitor cells within a culture medium facilitated by a time-varying electromagnetic field (TVEMF). The cells and culture medium are contained within a two- or three-dimensional culture vessel, and the electromagnetic field is emitted from an electrode or coil. These studies further provide methods to promote neural tissue regeneration by means of culturing the neural cells in either configuration. Grown in two dimensions, neuronal cells extended longitudinally, forming tissue strands extending axially along and within electrodes comprising electrically conductive channels or guides through which a time-varying electrical current was conducted. In the three-dimensional aspect, exposure to TVEMF resulted in the development of three-dimensional aggregates, which emulated organized neural tissues. In both experimental configurations, the proliferation rate of the TVEMF cells was 2.5 to 4.0 times the rate of the non-waveform cells. Each of the experimental embodiments resulted in similar molecular genetic changes regarding the growth potential of the tissues as measured by gene chip analyses, which measured more than 10,000 human genes simultaneously.” (Page 1) (NASA/TP-2003-212054)


(REFERENCE 2 OF 9)

Jrnl of Orthopaedic Research. 2004 Jan; 22 (1): 80-4. “Microcirculatory Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMF).” Smith TL, Wong-Gibbons D, Maultsby J. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) are used clinically to expedite healing of fracture non-unions, however, the mechanism of action by which PEMF stimulation is effective is unknown. The current study examined the acute effects of PEMF stimulation on arteriolar microvessel diameters in the rat cremaster muscle. The study hypothesis was that PEMF would increase arteriolar diameters, a potential mechanism involved in the healing process. METHODS: Local PEMF stimulation/sham stimulation of 2 or 60 min duration was delivered to the cremaster muscle of anesthetized rats. Arteriolar diameters were measured before and after stimulation/sham stimulation using intravital microscopy. Systemic hemodynamics also were monitored during PEMF stimulation. RESULTS: Local PEMF stimulation produced significant (p<0.001) vasodilation, compared to pre-stimulation values, in cremasteric arterioles in anesthetized rats (n=24). This dilation occurred after 2 min of stimulation (9% diameter increase) and after 1 h of stimulation (8.7% diameter increase). Rats receiving “sham” stimulation (n=15) demonstrated no statistically significant change in arteriolar diameter following either “sham” stimulation period. PEMF stimulation of the cremaster (n=4 rats) did not affect systemic arterial pressure or heart rate, nor was it associated with a change in tissue environmental temperature. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the hypothesis that local application of a specific PEMF waveform can elicit significant arteriolar vasodilation. Systemic hemodynamics and environmental temperature could not account for the observed microvascular responses.


(REFERENCE 3 OF 9)

Bioelectromagnetics. 2003 Sep; 24 (6): 373-9. “The Effect of Exposure to High Flux Density Static and Pulsed Magnetic Fields on Lymphocyte Function.” Aldinucci C, Garcia JB, Palmi M, Sgaragli G, Benocci A, Meini A, Pessina F, Rossi C, Bonechi C, Pessina GP. Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Italy.

We investigated whether a combination of static electromagnetic field (EMF) at a flux density of 4.75 T together with pulsed EMF at a flux density of 0.7 mT generated by an NMR apparatus (NMRF), could promote movements of Ca(2+), cell proliferation, and the eventual production of proinflammatory cytokines in human lymphocytes as well as in Jurkat cells, after exposure to the field for 1 h. The same study was also performed after activation of cells with 5 micro g/ml phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) immediately before the exposure period. Our results clearly demonstrate that NMRF exposure increases the [Ca(2+)](i), without any proliferative, or activating, or proinflammatory effect on both normal and PHA stimulated lymphocytes. Accordingly, the levels of interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-2, and interleukin-6 remained unvaried after exposure. Exposure of Jurkat cells statistically decreased the [Ca(2+)](i) and the proliferation. This is consistent with the low levels of IL-2 measured in supernatants of these cells after exposure. On the whole our data suggest that static and pulsed NMRF exposure contribute synergistically in the increase of the [Ca(2+)](i) without any activating or proinflammatory effect either in normal or in PHA challenged lymphocytes. In Jurkat cells, by changing the properties of cell membranes, NMRF exposure can influence Ca(2+) transport processes and hence Ca(2+) homeostasis, causing a marked decrease of proliferation.


(REFERENCE 4 OF 9)

Experimental and Molecular Medicine. 2002 Mar 31; 34 (1): 53-9. “Enhanced Expression of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase and Phospholipase C-gamma1 in Regenerating Murine Neuronal Cells by Pulsed Electromagnetic Field.” Kim SS, Shin HJ, Eom DW, Huh JR, Woo Y, Kim H, Ryu SH, Suh PG, Kim MJ, Kim JY, Koo TW, Cho YH, Chung SM. Department of Pathology, Ulsan University College of Medicine, South Korea.

Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) has been shown to improve the rate of peripheral nerve regeneration. In the present study we investigated the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLC-gamma1) in regenerating rat laryngeal nerves during the exposure to PEMF after surgical transection and reanastomosis. Axons were found to regenerate into the distal stump nearly twice faster in PEMF-exposed animals than in the control. Consistently, motor function was better recovered in PEMF-treated rats. The expression of nNOS and PLC-gamma1 was highly enhanced in the regenerated nerves.


(REFERENCE 5 OF 9)

Biophysical Journal. 1996 Aug; 71 (2): 623-31. “Model for Magnetic Field Effects on Radical Pair Recombination in Enzyme Kinetics.” Eichwald C, Walleczek J. Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford Univ., CA, USA.

A prototypical model for describing magnetic field effects on the reaction kinetics of enzymes that exhibit radical pair recombination steps in their reaction cycle is presented. The model is an extended Michaelis-Menten reaction scheme including an intermediate enzyme-substrate complex where a spin-correlated radical pair state exists. The simple structure of the scheme makes it possible to calculate the enzyme reaction rate explicitly by combining chemical kinetics with magnetic field-dependent spin kinetics (radical pair mechanism). Recombination probability is determined by using the exponential model. Simulations show that the size of the magnetic field effect depends on relations between different rate constants, such as: 1) the ratio between radical pair-lifetime and the magnetic field-sensitive intersystem crossing induced by the hyperfine interaction and the delta g mechanisms and 2) the chemical rate constants of the enzyme reaction cycle. An amplification factor that is derived from the specific relations between the rate constants is defined. It accounts for the fact that although the magnetic field-induced change in radical pair recombination probability is very small, the effect on the enzyme reaction rate is considerably larger, for example, by a factor of 1 to 100. Model simulations enable a qualitative comparison with recent experimental studies reporting magnetic field effects on coenzyme B12-dependent ethanolamine ammonia lyase in vitro activity that revealed a reduction in Vmax/KM at low flux densities and a return to the zero-field rate or an increase at high flux densities.


(REFERENCE 6 OF 9)

Bioelectromagnetics. 1994; 3 (15): 205-216. “Protection Against Focal Cerebral Ischemia Following Exposure to a Pulsed Electromagnetic Field.” Grant G., Cadossi R., Steinberg G. Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Univ., CA, USA.

There is evidence that electromagnetic stimulation may accelerate the healing of tissue damage following ischemia. We undertook this study to investigate the effects of low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) exposure on cerebral injury in a rabbit model of transient focal ischemia (2 h occlusion followed by 4 h of reperfusion). PEMF exposure (280 V, 75 Hz, IGEA Stimulator) was initiated 10 min after the onset of ischemia and continued throughout reperfusion (six exposed, six controls). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histology were used to measure the degree of ischemic injury. Exposure to pulsed electromagnetic field attenuated cortical ischemia edema on MRI at the most anterior coronal level by 65% (P < 0.001). On histologic examination, PEMF exposure reduced ischemic neuronal damage in this same cortical area by 69% (P < 0.01) and by 43% (P < 0.05) in the striatum. Preliminary data suggest that exposure to a PEMF of short duration may have implications for the treatment of acute stroke.


(REFERENCE 7 OF 9)

Jrnl Cell Biochem. 1993 Apr; 51 (4): 387-393. “Beneficial Effects of Electromagnetic Fields.” Bassett C.A. Bioelectric Research Center, Columbia Univ., NY, USA.

Selective control of cell function by applying specifically configured, weak, time-varying magnetic fields has added a new, exciting dimension to biology and medicine. Field parameters for therapeutic, pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMFs) were designed to induce voltages similar to those produced, normally, during dynamic mechanical deformation of connective tissues. As a result, a wide variety of challenging musculoskeletal disorders have been treated successfully over the past two decades. More than a quarter million patients with chronically ununited fractures have benefitted, worldwide, from this surgically non-invasive method, without risk, discomfort, or the high costs of operative repair. Many of the athermal bioresponses, at the cellular and subcellular levels, have been identified and found appropriate to correct or modify the pathologic processes for which PEMFs have been used. Not only is efficacy supported by these basic studies but by a number of double-blind trials. As understanding of mechanisms expands, specific requirements for field energetics are being defined and the range of treatable ills broadened. These include nerve regeneration, wound healing, graft behavior, diabetes, and myocardial and cerebral ischemia (heart attack and stroke), among other conditions. Preliminary data even suggest possible benefits in controlling malignancy.


(REFERENCE 8 OF 9)

Jrnl Cell Biochem. 1993 Apr; 51 (4): 404-9. “Prospects on Clinical Applications of Electrical Stimulation for Nerve Regeneration.” Sisken BF, Walker J, Orgel M. Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.

PURPOSE: Regenerative capability is limited in higher vertebrates but present in organ systems such as skin, liver, bone, and to some extent, the nervous system. Peripheral nerves in particular have a relatively high potential for regeneration following injury. However, delay in regrowth or growth, blockage, or misdirection at the injury site, and growth to inappropriate end organs may compromise successful regeneration, leading to poor clinical results. Recent studies indicate that low-intensity electrical stimulation is equivalent to various growth factors, offering avenues to improve these outcomes. We present a review of studies using electric and electromagnetic fields that provide evidence for the enhancement of regeneration following nerve injury. Electric and electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have been used to heal fracture non-unions. This technology emerged as a consequence of basic studies [Yasuda, 1953; Fukada and Yasuda, 1957] demonstrating the piezoelectric properties of (dry) bone. The principle for using electrical stimulation for bone healing originated from the work of Bassett and Becker [1962], who described asymmetric voltage waveforms from mechanically deformed live bone. These changes were presumed to occur in bone during normal physical activity as a result of mechanical forces, and it was postulated that these forces were linked to modifications in bone structure. Endogenous currents present in normal tissue and those that occur after injury were proposed to modify bone structure [Bassett, 1989]. These investigators proposed that tissue integrity and function could be restored by applying electrical and/or mechanical energy to the area of injury. They successfully applied electrical currents to nonhealing fractures (using surgically implanted electrodes or pulsed currents using surface electrodes) to aid endogenous currents in the healing process. (Abstract truncated at 250 words.)


(REFERENCE 9 OF 9)

FASEB J. 1992 Oct; 6(13): 3177-85. “Electromagnetic Field Effects on Cells of the Immune System: The Role of Calcium Signaling.” Walleczek J. Research Medicine and Radiation Biophysics Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.

During the past decade considerable evidence has accumulated demonstrating that nonthermal exposures of cells of the immune system to extremely low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (<300 Hz) can elicit cellular changes that might be relevant to in vivo immune activity. A similar responsiveness to nonionizing electromagnetic energy in this frequency range has also been documented for tissues of the neuroendocrine and musculoskeletal system. However, knowledge about the underlying biological mechanisms by which such fields can induce cellular changes is still very limited. It is generally believed that the cell membrane and Ca(2+)-regulated activity is involved in bioactive ELF field coupling to living systems. This article begins with a short review of the current state of knowledge concerning the effects of nonthermal levels of ELF electromagnetic fields on the biochemistry and activity of immune cells and then closely examines new results that suggest a role for Ca2+ in the induction of these cellular field effects. Based on these findings it is proposed that membrane-mediated Ca2+ signaling processes are involved in the mediation of field effects on the immune system.

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(*15% restocking fee applies to returns of non-defective EMpulse units.)


(**EM-Probe Technologies’ EMpulse pulsed nanosecond PEMF (nPEMF) device fomerly sold for veterinary use as “Heal-EM.”)